L1 refers to a speaker's first language, also commonly known as their "mother tongue."
Understanding L1 in Language Acquisition
L1 plays a significant role in how individuals learn subsequent languages (L2, L3, etc.). The influence of L1 can both facilitate and hinder the acquisition of new languages.
The Role of L1 in Language Learning
- Facilitation: If L1 and the target language (L2) share similarities in vocabulary, grammar, or phonology, learning becomes easier. For example, as mentioned in the reference, a learner whose L1 is Spanish may find Portuguese and Italian easy languages to learn due to the close connection between these languages.
- Interference: Conversely, differences between L1 and L2 can lead to errors or challenges in language acquisition. Learners may unconsciously apply rules or patterns from their L1 to the new language, resulting in incorrect pronunciation, grammar, or usage.
L1, L2, L3 and Beyond
The numbering system extends beyond L2 to include L3 (third language), L4 (fourth language), and so on. Each subsequent language learning experience is influenced by previously acquired languages, including the L1.
| Term | Definition | Example |
|---|---|---|
| L1 | First Language/Mother Tongue | A person who grows up speaking English has English as their L1. |
| L2 | Second Language | The same person learning French would have French as their L2. |
| L3 | Third Language | If that person then learns Spanish, Spanish is their L3. |
