Capitalize "Deaf" when referring to individuals who identify as members of the Deaf community and share a common language (typically sign language) and culture. Lowercase "deaf" when referring to the audiological condition of not hearing or to a person with hearing loss who does not identify with Deaf culture.
Understanding the Nuance
The capitalization of "Deaf" is a matter of identity and respect. It reflects a distinction between hearing loss as a medical condition and Deafness as a cultural and linguistic identity.
Guidelines for Capitalization
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Capitalize "Deaf":
- When referring to the Deaf community: This signifies a shared culture, language (e.g., American Sign Language), and experiences.
- When an individual identifies as Deaf and prefers it capitalized when referring to themselves.
- When referring to Deaf culture or Deaf history.
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Lowercase "deaf":
- When referring to the condition of hearing loss, regardless of severity.
- When referring to an individual who has hearing loss but does not identify with Deaf culture.
- When the individual prefers the lowercase "deaf" when referring to themselves.
Examples
| Scenario | Correct Usage | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| Referring to the cultural group | The Deaf community uses ASL. | Emphasizes the cultural and linguistic aspect. |
| Referring to the medical condition | He is deaf in one ear. | Focuses on the audiological condition. |
| Referring to an individual who identifies with Deaf culture | She is a Deaf artist. | Acknowledges the individual's cultural identity. |
| Referring to an individual who has hearing loss but doesn't identify as Deaf | He is a deaf student. | Indicates hearing loss without cultural affiliation. |
| Referring to an individual's preference, confirmed by the individual | "I am deaf," she said. OR "I am Deaf," she said. | Respecting the individual's self-identification. |
Considerations
- Ask: When unsure, the best approach is to ask the individual how they prefer to be identified.
- Context: The context of your writing should also influence your choice. If you're discussing Deaf culture or history, capitalizing "Deaf" is generally appropriate. If you're discussing hearing loss as a medical issue, lowercase "deaf" is usually preferred.
In short, capitalize "Deaf" when referring to the cultural and linguistic community and lowercase "deaf" when referring to the audiological condition of not hearing. Ultimately, respect the individual's preference for how they identify.
