Language transfer influences second language learning in two main ways: it can either help or hinder the process.
The effects of language transfer can be categorized as positive or negative.
Positive Effects of Language Transfer
Positive transfer occurs when a feature of your first language is similar to a feature in the language you are learning. This similarity makes learning easier and facilitates learning. When elements are similar, learners can often correctly guess or apply rules from their native tongue to the new language.
Negative Effects of Language Transfer
Conversely, negative transfer happens when differences between your first language and the language you are learning cause errors. This interference impedes learning. The greater the structural or lexical differences between the two languages, the more pronounced and frequent these negative effects tend to be.
In summary, language transfer results in:
- Positive Transfer: Facilitates learning when languages are similar.
- Negative Transfer: Impedes learning when languages are different. The degree of negative effect increases with the differences between the languages.
