The core difference between general and specific objectives in a lesson plan is their scope and level of detail: general objectives state broad learning goals, while specific objectives break these goals down into measurable, action-oriented steps.
Objectives are crucial components of a lesson plan, acting as signposts for what students should know or be able to do by the end of a lesson or unit. They guide the teacher's instruction and help measure student learning.
Understanding General Objectives
As the reference notes, objectives can be general or specific. The general objective of your study states what you expect to achieve in general terms.
Think of a general objective as the overarching aim. It describes the broad outcome or skill students should develop. It answers the question, "What is the main purpose of this lesson?"
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Characteristics of General Objectives:
- Broad and wide-ranging.
- Often abstract or conceptual.
- Sets the overall direction for the lesson or unit.
- Less focused on specific, observable actions.
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Example:
- General Objective: Students will understand the concept of photosynthesis.
This tells you the topic and the desired cognitive level (understanding), but it doesn't specify how that understanding will be demonstrated or which specific aspects of photosynthesis will be covered in detail.
Delving into Specific Objectives
In contrast, specific objectives break down the general objective into smaller, logically connected parts that systematically address the various aspects of the problem.
Specific objectives detail the precise, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) actions students will be able to perform. They clarify exactly what evidence will demonstrate that the general objective is being met. They answer the question, "What specific skills or knowledge will students gain and how will they show it?"
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Characteristics of Specific Objectives:
- Narrow and focused.
- State observable and measurable actions (using verbs like 'identify,' 'list,' 'calculate,' 'compare,' 'analyze').
- Detail the specific content or skill being learned.
- Systematically address different facets of the general topic.
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Example (Building on the general objective):
- General Objective: Students will understand the concept of photosynthesis.
- Specific Objectives:
- Students will identify the main inputs (carbon dioxide, water, light energy) required for photosynthesis.
- Students will list the main outputs (glucose, oxygen) of photosynthesis.
- Students will describe the role of chlorophyll in the process.
- Students will explain the basic equation for photosynthesis.
These specific objectives clearly outline the individual components students must grasp and how they will demonstrate their learning (identifying, listing, describing, explaining). Together, mastering these specific points builds the overall understanding stated in the general objective.
Key Differences Summarized
Here's a table highlighting the main distinctions:
| Feature | General Objective | Specific Objective |
|---|---|---|
| Scope | Broad, overarching aim | Narrow, focused details |
| Detail | Stated in general terms | Breaks down the general objective into smaller parts |
| Measurability | Less measurable, focuses on concepts (e.g., understand) | Highly measurable, focuses on actions (e.g., identify, list, calculate) |
| Function | Sets overall direction | Addresses various aspects of the topic systematically, guides specific activities |
| Focus | Broad understanding, skill, or appreciation | Specific skills, knowledge points, and observable behaviors |
Why Both Types Matter
Both general and specific objectives are essential for effective lesson planning:
- General objectives provide the big picture and purpose, ensuring the lesson aligns with broader curriculum goals.
- Specific objectives make the learning tangible and measurable. They guide the selection of content, activities, and assessment methods. They ensure that the "various aspects" of the topic are covered logically.
By starting with a general objective and then breaking it down into concrete, specific objectives, educators can design lessons that are purposeful, coherent, and effective in helping students achieve clear learning outcomes.
