A complex dilemma is a specific type of logical argument characterized by its distinct structure, which leads to a conclusion where one is presented with a choice between two (often undesirable) alternatives.
According to the definition, a complex dilemma is an argument that consists of three essential parts:
Components of a Complex Dilemma
A complex dilemma is a formal argument built from the following premises and a specific type of conclusion:
- A Disjunction: This is the initial statement, presenting two distinct possibilities or choices. It sets up the "either/or" scenario.
- Two Conditional Premises linked by a Conjunction: These are two "if-then" statements. Each conditional premise connects one of the possibilities from the initial disjunction to a specific consequence. These two conditional statements are joined together by "and."
- A Disjunctive Conclusion: Unlike a simple dilemma, the outcome of a complex dilemma is not a single, straightforward statement. Instead, the conclusion is itself a disjunction, presenting a pair of alternatives. These alternatives are typically (and often importantly) undesirable outcomes.
| Component | Description | Example Structure |
|---|---|---|
| Initial Premise | A statement asserting that one of two possibilities is true. | Either P or Q. |
| Conditional Premises | Two statements that link each possibility from the initial premise to a consequence. These are conjoined, meaning both must be true for the argument to hold. | If P then R, AND If Q then S. |
| Conclusion | A statement that is also a disjunction, presenting the two consequences (R and S) as the inevitable alternatives. These alternatives are usually considered undesirable. This is distinct from a simple dilemma, which has a single categorical proposition as its conclusion. | Therefore, R or S. (where R and S are usually undesirable) |
The Nature of "Undesirable Alternatives"
The term "dilemma" often carries a connotation of difficulty or a problematic choice. In the context of a complex dilemma, this refers to the nature of its conclusion. The two alternatives presented in the final disjunction are typically perceived as negative, disadvantageous, or otherwise unappealing. This structure highlights a situation where, regardless of which initial path is taken, the outcome will be one of two challenging options.
Complex Dilemma in Practice
To illustrate, consider a common difficult situation:
- Initial Disjunction: "Either I tell the truth about what happened, or I keep silent."
- Conditional Premises:
- "If I tell the truth, I will face immediate consequences."
- "AND if I keep silent, I will feel guilty for a long time."
- Conclusion: "Therefore, I will face immediate consequences or I will feel guilty for a long time."
In this example, both outcomes—facing immediate consequences or enduring long-term guilt—are undesirable, fitting the precise definition of a complex dilemma. This logical structure effectively captures scenarios where all available paths lead to difficult or unappealing results.
