The Moon's temperature varies drastically depending on location and time of day.
Extreme Temperature Fluctuations
The lunar surface experiences extreme temperature swings. At the equator during the lunar day (when the sun is shining), temperatures can reach a scorching 250°F (121°C). However, as night falls, these temperatures plummet to a frigid -208°F (-133°C). These significant variations are due to the Moon's lack of an atmosphere to regulate temperature. Without an atmosphere to trap heat or insulate the surface, the sun's energy directly heats the surface during the day and radiates away quickly at night.
Polar Regions and Deep Craters
In permanently shadowed areas, like deep craters near the Moon's poles, temperatures are even more extreme. NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter has recorded temperatures lower than -410°F (-246°C) in these regions.
Apollo 11 Landing Site Temperature
The temperature at the Apollo 11 landing site was recorded as 200ºF (93ºC). This is consistent with measurements taken at the lunar equator during daylight hours. It's important to note that this reading reflects the surface temperature; the astronauts experienced different temperatures due to their specialized suits.
Average Temperatures
While specific temperatures vary widely, the average temperature at the Moon's equator and mid-latitudes ranges from -298°F (-183°C) at night to 224°F (101°C) during the day.
Implications for Lunar Exploration
The extreme temperature variations on the Moon pose significant challenges for lunar exploration and potential human habitation. Future missions and habitats will need to be designed to withstand these extreme conditions. However, recent discoveries have revealed that certain lunar caves and craters maintain relatively stable, and potentially habitable temperatures.
