No, lungs do not always fully recover from tuberculosis (TB), even after successful treatment. While treatment is highly effective in curing the active infection—with an estimated 85% of reported cases successfully treated between 1995 and 2015 [1]—significant lung damage can persist.
Persistent Pulmonary Dysfunction After TB Treatment
Studies show that up to half of TB survivors experience some degree of ongoing lung dysfunction, despite being microbiologically cured [2-5]. This means that while the bacteria causing the TB are eliminated, the lungs may retain damage resulting in reduced lung function. This persistent damage can manifest in several ways:
- Lung scarring and cavities: TB can leave behind permanent scarring and cavities in the lungs, affecting their ability to expand and exchange gases efficiently. A Lancet study even indicated that over one-third of successfully treated patients developed permanent lung damage resulting in cavities [10].
- Reduced lung capacity: The scarring and other damage can lead to decreased lung capacity, impacting a person's ability to breathe deeply and easily. This may require ongoing management and rehabilitation.
- Increased susceptibility to other respiratory infections: The damaged lung tissue may be more vulnerable to subsequent infections, leading to a lower overall quality of life. About 40% of patients may need additional support after treatment [2].
Long-Term Impacts and Recovery
While complete recovery of lung structure and function isn't always possible, significant improvements can be achieved through:
- Breathing exercises: These help strengthen the lungs and improve respiratory function.
- Physical therapy: This can enhance overall fitness and improve lung capacity.
- Medical management: This may include medication to manage any lingering symptoms or complications.
The extent of lung recovery depends on factors such as the severity of the initial infection, the individual's overall health, and the promptness and effectiveness of treatment. Even with lasting damage, many individuals can lead relatively healthy lives with appropriate management and rehabilitation.
