AVM medical refers to Arteriovenous Malformations, which are abnormal tangles of blood vessels connecting arteries and veins directly, bypassing normal capillary beds. These can occur in various parts of the body, but are most concerning when found in the brain or spinal cord.
Understanding Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs)
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Normal Blood Vessel Function: Normally, arteries carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body, and veins return oxygen-depleted blood to the heart. Capillaries, small blood vessels, connect arteries and veins, allowing for nutrient and oxygen exchange with tissues.
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AVM Formation: In an AVM, this capillary network is absent. Blood flows directly from arteries to veins, often at high pressure.
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Location: While AVMs can occur anywhere, they are most commonly found in the brain (cerebral AVMs) and spinal cord.
Risks Associated with AVMs
The primary risk associated with AVMs is hemorrhage or rupture. Due to the abnormal structure and high pressure within the AVM, the vessels can weaken and burst. This can lead to:
- Stroke: Bleeding into the brain can cause stroke-like symptoms, including weakness, paralysis, speech difficulties, and vision problems.
- Seizures: AVMs can disrupt normal brain activity, leading to seizures.
- Headaches: Some individuals with AVMs experience chronic headaches.
- Neurological Deficits: Depending on the location and size of the AVM, it can compress or damage surrounding brain tissue, leading to neurological problems.
Diagnosis and Treatment
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Diagnosis: AVMs are typically diagnosed through imaging techniques such as:
- MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): Provides detailed images of the brain and blood vessels.
- CT Angiography (Computed Tomography Angiography): Uses X-rays and contrast dye to visualize blood vessels.
- Cerebral Angiography: An invasive procedure where a catheter is inserted into an artery and dye is injected to visualize blood vessels.
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Treatment: Treatment options for AVMs vary depending on the size, location, and symptoms. Options include:
- Microsurgical Resection: Surgical removal of the AVM.
- Endovascular Embolization: Blocking the AVM with glue-like substances or coils delivered through a catheter.
- Stereotactic Radiosurgery: Using focused radiation to shrink or obliterate the AVM.
In summary, AVM medical pertains to arteriovenous malformations, abnormal connections between arteries and veins that pose a risk of hemorrhage and other neurological complications. Diagnosis and treatment strategies depend on the specific characteristics of the AVM.
