Vomiting blood (hematemesis) is a serious symptom and requires immediate medical attention. It indicates bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
Here's a breakdown of what happens and why it's crucial to seek medical help:
Possible Causes:
- Ulcers: Peptic ulcers in the stomach or duodenum can erode blood vessels, leading to bleeding.
- Esophageal Varices: Enlarged veins in the esophagus, often due to liver disease, can rupture and bleed.
- Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach lining can cause bleeding.
- Esophagitis: Inflammation of the esophagus.
- Mallory-Weiss Tear: A tear in the lining of the esophagus, often caused by forceful vomiting.
- Less Common Causes: Tumors, blood clotting disorders, and certain medications can also cause hematemesis.
What Blood in Vomit May Look Like:
- Bright Red Blood: This usually indicates active bleeding that is happening quickly.
- Coffee-Ground Appearance: This means the blood has been partially digested in the stomach and is older bleeding.
What to Do:
- Seek Immediate Medical Attention: Call emergency services (911 in the US) or go to the nearest emergency room immediately.
- Do Not Delay: Vomiting blood is a sign of a potentially life-threatening condition. Time is crucial.
- Prepare to Answer Questions: Be ready to provide details about your medical history, any medications you are taking, and any other symptoms you are experiencing.
- Do not eat or drink anything.
What Happens at the Hospital:
- Assessment: Doctors will assess your vital signs (blood pressure, heart rate, breathing) and overall condition.
- Stabilization: The immediate goal is to stabilize you, which may involve intravenous fluids and blood transfusions if there is significant blood loss.
- Diagnosis: Tests may be performed to determine the source of the bleeding. Common tests include:
- Endoscopy: A thin, flexible tube with a camera is inserted into the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum to visualize the lining and identify the source of bleeding.
- Blood Tests: To check for anemia, liver function, and blood clotting ability.
- Imaging Studies: In some cases, CT scans or other imaging studies may be necessary.
- Treatment: Treatment will depend on the cause of the bleeding. Options may include:
- Medications: To reduce stomach acid or treat underlying conditions.
- Endoscopic Procedures: To stop bleeding from ulcers or esophageal varices.
- Surgery: In rare cases, surgery may be necessary.
Why Early Intervention Is Important:
Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent serious complications, such as:
- Shock: Due to significant blood loss.
- Anemia: A deficiency of red blood cells.
- Organ Damage: From decreased blood flow.
- Death: In severe cases, uncontrolled bleeding can be fatal.
