The side effects of a lumbar puncture, also known as a spinal tap, can range from mild and temporary to rare but potentially serious.
Here's a breakdown of potential side effects:
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Post-Lumbar Puncture Headache (PLPH): This is the most common side effect. It's believed to be caused by leakage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at the puncture site, leading to decreased CSF pressure. The headache is typically positional, meaning it worsens when sitting or standing and improves when lying down.
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Back Pain: Some people experience localized back pain at the puncture site. This is often mild and resolves within a few days.
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Infection: Although rare with proper sterile technique, infection is a potential risk. This could include a local infection at the puncture site or, more seriously, meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord).
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Nerve Damage: This is a rare but serious complication. It can result in:
- Long-term pain: Chronic pain in the back or legs.
- Pins and needles (paresthesia): Numbness, tingling, or prickling sensations.
- Loss of feeling (numbness): Sensory deficits in the legs or feet.
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Bleeding: There's a small risk of bleeding at the puncture site, which could lead to a hematoma (collection of blood). In rare cases, bleeding could occur within the spinal canal, causing compression of the spinal cord.
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Other Rare Complications:
- Hearing loss: Very rarely, hearing loss has been reported following lumbar puncture.
- Double vision: Transient double vision is another infrequent side effect.
- Blood clots: A blood clot forming near the puncture site or in the spinal canal is a rare possibility.
When to Seek Medical Attention:
Contact your doctor immediately if you experience any of the following after a lumbar puncture:
- Severe or worsening headache that doesn't improve with lying down.
- Fever
- Stiff neck
- Weakness or numbness in your legs
- Loss of bowel or bladder control
- Signs of infection at the puncture site (redness, swelling, drainage)
Lumbar punctures are generally safe procedures, and serious complications are uncommon. However, it's important to be aware of the potential side effects and to seek medical attention if you experience any concerning symptoms.
