The radial artery is the primary artery used for Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) tests.
While other arteries can be used, the radial artery is the most common choice due to its accessibility and the fact that collateral circulation exists via the ulnar artery. This reduces the risk of significant damage if complications occur. Here's a breakdown:
Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Sampling
Arterial blood gas tests are performed to measure the levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other substances in the blood. The blood for these tests is extracted from an artery, rather than a vein, because arterial blood provides a more accurate representation of gas exchange in the lungs.
Why the Radial Artery?
- Accessibility: The radial artery is easily palpable on the wrist.
- Collateral Circulation: The ulnar artery provides backup blood flow to the hand. This is vital in case of radial artery complications.
- Common Practice: It's the most frequently used site, leading to increased familiarity among medical personnel.
Other Potential Sites
Although the radial artery is most common, other arteries can be used for ABG testing when needed:
- Brachial artery: Located in the inner elbow, this is less common due to its proximity to nerves and veins, increasing the risk of complications.
- Femoral artery: Found in the groin, it is used less often because it carries a higher risk of bleeding and infection.
- Dorsalis pedis artery: Located on the top of the foot, it is rarely used for ABG testing.
Considerations for Radial Artery Puncture
The provided reference specifically notes that using the radial artery, which is located on the thumb side of the wrist, requires extensive skill in arterial blood sampling due to its small size. This emphasizes the need for trained professionals to perform ABG tests to minimize the chance of complications.
Procedure Overview
- Preparation: The healthcare professional will locate the radial artery and prepare the area with antiseptic.
- Puncture: A needle is inserted into the artery at a precise angle to draw blood.
- Sample Collection: A small amount of blood is collected in a syringe.
- Pressure: Pressure is immediately applied to the puncture site after the needle is removed.
- Analysis: The sample is sent to the lab to be analyzed.
Summary
| Artery | Common Usage | Location | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Radial | Most Common | Thumb side of the wrist | Requires skill due to small size; favorable collateral circulation. |
| Brachial | Less Common | Inner Elbow | Increased risk of complications compared to radial artery |
| Femoral | Least Common | Groin | Higher risk of bleeding and infection. |
