The most reliable way to differentiate molars, especially extracted ones, is by counting the number of roots.
Maxillary vs. Mandibular Molars
- Maxillary molars (upper molars): Typically have three roots: two buccal (mesiobuccal and distobuccal) and one palatal (lingual). This is the most consistent distinguishing feature, as noted by multiple sources [1, 2, 3].
- Mandibular molars (lower molars): Usually possess two roots, one mesial and one distal [1, 2].
Other Differentiating Factors
While root count is the most reliable method, other characteristics can help in identifying molars:
- Shape: Maxillary molars often appear more cuboidal or square-like from an occlusal (chewing surface) view, while mandibular molars tend to be more rectangular [4].
- Cusps: While cusp number can vary, both first and second maxillary molars often show four prominent cusps (mesiobuccal, distobuccal, mesiolingual, and distolingual) [5]. However, relying solely on cusp count for differentiation is less reliable than root count.
- Size: Permanent molars are significantly larger than their deciduous (baby) counterparts. Baby molars are smaller and more squarish [6, 7].
Considering the Context
Remember that variations exist, and individual teeth might deviate from the typical pattern. These descriptions provide general guidelines, and expert examination is crucial for precise identification. The information provided comes from various sources including dental journals and websites focusing on dentistry and anatomy [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7].
References:
[1] Pocket Dentistry: Arch traits that differentiate maxillary from mandibular molars. (2021, September 12). https://pocketdentistry.com/arch-traits-that-differentiate-maxillary-from-mandibular-molars/
[2] Smile Point Dental: Difference Between Maxillary And Mandibular Molars. https://www.smilepointdental.com/difference-between-maxillary-and-mandibular-molars/
[3] Beautifully Bony: Identifying Molars. https://beautifullybony.wordpress.com/identifying-molars/
[4] Pocket Dentistry: Type traits that differentiate maxillary second from first molars. (2021, September 12). https://pocketdentistry.com/type-traits-that-differentiate-maxillary-second-from-first-molars/
[5] Sedaros Oral Surgery: Baby Teeth vs. Permanent Teeth: The Difference. https://www.sedarosoralsurgery.com/blog/baby-teeth-vs-permanent-teeth/
[6] Putney Dental Care: Stain vs Cavity: How to Tell the Difference. (2022, June 29). https://www.putneydentalcare.com.au/blog/tooth-stain-vs-cavity/
[7] Dental House MI: What is the Difference Between Primary and Permanent Teeth? https://dentalhousemi.com/goodreads/what-is-the-difference-between-primary-and-permanent-teeth/
