Yes, a mother tongue can be 2. According to the provided reference, a child can have two mother tongues "only if both languages are spoken equally often" so that the child learns both languages simultaneously. This indicates that it is possible to have more than one mother tongue.
Understanding Mother Tongues
The term "mother tongue" typically refers to the first language a person learns, often from their mother or primary caregiver. However, the concept becomes more nuanced when considering multilingual environments.
Bilingualism and Mother Tongues
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Simultaneous Bilingualism: This is when a child learns two languages from birth or early childhood, with both languages being used regularly and consistently. In these cases, both languages can be considered mother tongues.
- Example: A child raised in a home where both English and Spanish are spoken equally could develop both languages as mother tongues.
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Sequential Bilingualism: This is when a child learns one language first and then learns a second language later in childhood. The first language is typically considered the mother tongue, although the second language may become highly proficient.
Key Conditions for Multiple Mother Tongues
The reference highlights a key condition: equal exposure and learning of both languages concurrently.
- Equal Exposure: The child is exposed to both languages regularly and in similar contexts.
- Simultaneous Learning: The child learns both languages from a young age, ideally simultaneously.
- Balanced Use: Both languages are used frequently and in a balanced manner, contributing to similar levels of proficiency.
Considerations
While it's possible to have two mother tongues, it's important to note:
- Dominance: One language may become dominant over time, especially if exposure shifts.
- Proficiency: Although considered mother tongues, the level of proficiency in each language may vary.
- Individual Variation: Language acquisition varies from person to person, influencing the outcome.
