Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that enable communication between neurons throughout the body. They are crucial for a wide range of bodily functions, acting as chemical messengers that facilitate brain function and overall well-being.
How Neurotransmitters Work
Communication between neurons occurs at the synapse, the tiny gap between nerve cells. An electrical signal travels down a neuron, triggering the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic terminal (the sending neuron) into the synaptic cleft. These neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic terminal (the receiving neuron), initiating a new electrical signal. This process, known as chemical synaptic transmission, is fundamental to brain function. [1, 4]
Think of it like this: neurons are like telephones, and neurotransmitters are the messages they send to each other. Without these messengers, our brains couldn't process information or control our bodies.
Types of Neurotransmitters and their Functions
While the exact number is unknown, there are more than 100 different neurotransmitters, each with specific roles. Some examples include:
- Dopamine: Often referred to as a "feel-good" hormone, dopamine is involved in movement, memory, motivation, and reward. [3, 5]
- Serotonin: Primarily an inhibitory neurotransmitter, serotonin plays a key role in mood regulation, sleep, and appetite. It's also found in the bowels and blood platelets. [2, 10]
- Histamine: This neurotransmitter regulates various bodily functions. [2]
The Importance of Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters are essential for:
- Mood Regulation: Many neurotransmitters significantly impact mood, contributing to feelings of happiness, sadness, or anxiety. [7]
- Motor Control: Neurotransmitters are crucial for coordinating muscle movements. [3]
- Cognitive Function: They influence learning, memory, and attention.
- Sensory Perception: Neurotransmitters help us process information from our senses.
- Autonomic Functions: They regulate processes like breathing, heart rate, and digestion.
Interference with Neurotransmitters
Drugs and other substances can disrupt neurotransmitter function, impacting our physical and mental health. For example, some drugs mimic or block neurotransmitters, leading to altered brain activity. [9]
