Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) syndrome is a disorder involving nerve swelling and irritation (inflammation) that leads to a loss of strength or sensation.
Understanding CIDP
CIDP affects the peripheral nervous system, which includes all the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system). The inflammation damages the myelin sheath, the protective covering around nerves, hindering their ability to transmit signals effectively.
Key Features of CIDP
- Chronic: Unlike Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), which develops rapidly, CIDP progresses over a longer period, typically at least eight weeks.
- Inflammatory: The condition involves inflammation of the peripheral nerves.
- Demyelinating: The myelin sheath, which insulates the nerves, is damaged.
- Polyneuropathy: It affects multiple peripheral nerves throughout the body.
Symptoms of CIDP
Symptoms can vary but often include:
- Weakness, especially in the arms and legs
- Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet
- Loss of reflexes
- Fatigue
- Pain
Diagnosis
Diagnosing CIDP involves a combination of:
- Clinical evaluation: Assessing symptoms and neurological examination.
- Nerve conduction studies (NCS): Measures the speed and strength of electrical signals traveling through nerves.
- Lumbar puncture (spinal tap): Examines the cerebrospinal fluid for elevated protein levels, which can indicate inflammation.
- Nerve biopsy: In rare cases, a small sample of nerve tissue is examined under a microscope.
Treatment
The goal of treatment is to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system. Common treatments include:
- Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg): Infusion of antibodies to modulate the immune system.
- Plasma exchange (PLEX): Removing antibodies from the blood.
- Corticosteroids: Anti-inflammatory medications.
- Other immunosuppressants: Medications like azathioprine or cyclosporine can also be used to suppress the immune system.
Prognosis
The prognosis for CIDP varies. Some people experience significant improvement with treatment, while others have persistent symptoms. Long-term management and follow-up are often necessary.
