Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (AIDP) is caused by an autoimmune reaction where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin sheath surrounding the peripheral nerves. This myelin sheath acts as an insulator, allowing for efficient nerve signal transmission. When it's damaged, it leads to muscle weakness, numbness, tingling, and other neurological problems. Although the exact cause of AIDP is unknown, it is believed to be triggered by an infection, surgery, or vaccination in many cases. The activated macrophage infiltration of myelin sheaths is associated with myelin damage and demyelination, contributing to the development of AIDP.
Some studies suggest a connection between AIDP and certain infections like Campylobacter jejuni, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Zika virus. However, the exact mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear.
While AIDP is a variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), it is important to note that both conditions are not the same. Although they share some similarities, AIDP tends to have a less severe and more rapid progression compared to GBS.
Examples:
- AIDP can be triggered after a recent bout of gastroenteritis or a viral infection, like influenza.
- Vaccination against influenza and other diseases has also been linked to AIDP onset.
- Individuals who have undergone surgical procedures, particularly major surgeries, may have a higher risk of developing AIDP.
