Bradykinesia is slowness of movement, encompassing both a reduced speed of motion and a progressive hesitation or halting as movements are continued. It's a key symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD).
Understanding Bradykinesia
Bradykinesia isn't just about moving slowly; it's a complex motor deficit characterized by the following:
- Slowness of Initiation: Difficulty starting a movement.
- Reduced Speed: Overall decreased pace of movement execution.
- Decreased Amplitude: Smaller movements than intended (hypokinesia).
- Fatigue of Movement: Movements become progressively slower and smaller with repetition.
- Hesitation and Halting: Interruption or freezing of movements during execution.
Bradykinesia in Parkinson's Disease
In Parkinson's Disease, bradykinesia is one of the four cardinal signs (along with tremor, rigidity, and postural instability). It significantly impacts daily life activities. Examples include:
- Difficulty buttoning clothes.
- Trouble writing or eating.
- Shuffling gait when walking.
- Reduced facial expression (hypomimia).
Assessment of Bradykinesia
Neurologists assess bradykinesia through various clinical tests, including:
- Finger Tapping: Rapidly tapping the index finger against the thumb. People with bradykinesia will typically show a decrease in speed and amplitude.
- Hand Opening and Closing: Repeatedly opening and closing the hand.
- Foot Tapping: Rapidly tapping the foot on the floor.
Management of Bradykinesia
The primary treatment for bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease involves medication to increase dopamine levels in the brain. Levodopa is a common and effective medication. Other therapies that can help manage bradykinesia include:
- Physical Therapy: Exercises to improve motor skills and coordination.
- Occupational Therapy: Strategies to adapt daily activities and environments.
- Speech Therapy: To address speech difficulties caused by bradykinesia (e.g., hypophonia).
