Kawasaki disease is a rare condition primarily affecting young children, characterized by inflammation of blood vessels throughout the body.
Here's a more detailed breakdown:
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What it is: Kawasaki disease (KD) is a form of vasculitis, which means inflammation of the blood vessels. This inflammation can affect arteries, veins, and capillaries.
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Who it affects: It primarily affects children under the age of 5, although older children and even adults can be affected in rare cases.
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Key characteristics: The hallmark of Kawasaki disease is a high fever lasting for at least five days, along with several other symptoms.
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Symptoms: Common symptoms include:
- High fever (often above 101°F or 38.3°C) lasting at least five days.
- Rash, often on the trunk and groin area.
- Red, cracked lips and a "strawberry tongue" (red and bumpy).
- Redness and swelling of the hands and feet, followed by peeling of the skin on the fingers and toes.
- Red eyes (conjunctivitis) without pus.
- Swollen lymph nodes in the neck, often just one.
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Cause: The exact cause of Kawasaki disease is unknown. It is not contagious. Theories suggest that it may be triggered by a viral or bacterial infection in genetically predisposed children.
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Complications: The most serious complication is the effect on the heart. KD can lead to coronary artery aneurysms (bulges in the walls of the coronary arteries), which can increase the risk of blood clots, heart attack, and sudden death.
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Diagnosis: Diagnosis is based on clinical findings (the signs and symptoms described above). There is no specific lab test to confirm Kawasaki disease, but certain blood tests can help rule out other conditions.
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Treatment: Treatment typically involves:
- Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG): A concentrated solution of antibodies that helps to reduce inflammation.
- Aspirin: High doses of aspirin are used initially to reduce inflammation and fever. Lower doses are continued for a longer period to prevent blood clots.
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Prognosis: With prompt and appropriate treatment, most children with Kawasaki disease recover fully. However, close monitoring of the heart is crucial, especially for those who develop coronary artery aneurysms. Regular follow-up with a cardiologist is essential.
In summary, Kawasaki disease is a rare but serious inflammatory condition affecting primarily young children. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent potentially life-threatening heart complications.
