The five-factor structure of personality, also known as the Five-Factor Model (FFM), comprises five broad domains that describe core personality traits. These domains are: Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness.
The Five-Factor Model (FFM) Explained
The Five-Factor Model provides a comprehensive framework for understanding personality differences. Each factor represents a spectrum along which individuals vary. According to the provided reference, these factors can be understood as follows:
1. Neuroticism (or Emotional Instability vs. Stability)
This factor assesses the tendency to experience negative emotions such as anxiety, sadness, and irritability. Individuals high in neuroticism are more prone to emotional instability, while those low in neuroticism tend to be more emotionally stable and resilient.
2. Extraversion (vs. Introversion)
Extraversion reflects the degree to which individuals are outgoing, assertive, and seek stimulation from the external world. Extraverts are typically sociable and energetic, while introverts are often more reserved and prefer solitary activities.
3. Openness (or Unconventionality)
Openness captures the extent to which individuals are curious, imaginative, and receptive to new experiences and ideas. People high in openness are typically creative and intellectual, whereas those low in openness tend to be more practical and conventional.
4. Agreeableness (vs. Antagonism)
Agreeableness measures the degree to which individuals are cooperative, compassionate, and trusting. Agreeable individuals are generally kind and empathetic, while those low in agreeableness may be more critical and competitive.
5. Conscientiousness (or Constraint vs. Disinhibition)
Conscientiousness assesses the extent to which individuals are organized, responsible, and goal-oriented. Conscientious individuals are typically diligent and disciplined, whereas those low in conscientiousness may be more spontaneous and flexible.
Summary Table of the Five-Factor Model
| Factor | Description | High Score Example | Low Score Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neuroticism | Tendency to experience negative emotions. | Anxious, easily stressed, emotionally reactive | Calm, secure, emotionally stable |
| Extraversion | Outgoingness, sociability, and assertiveness. | Sociable, energetic, assertive | Reserved, quiet, solitary |
| Openness | Curiosity, imagination, and receptivity to new experiences. | Creative, intellectual, open to new ideas | Practical, conventional, prefers familiar routines |
| Agreeableness | Cooperation, compassion, and trust. | Kind, empathetic, cooperative | Critical, competitive, skeptical |
| Conscientiousness | Organization, responsibility, and goal-oriented behavior. | Organized, disciplined, responsible | Spontaneous, flexible, less structured |
