Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) primarily function to reduce stomach acid production, thereby relieving symptoms of acid reflux and related conditions.
How PPIs Work
PPIs work by irreversibly blocking the hydrogen/potassium adenosine triphosphatase enzyme system (H+/K+ ATPase), also known as the proton pump, located in the parietal cells of the stomach lining. This enzyme system is responsible for the final step in gastric acid secretion. By inhibiting this pump, PPIs effectively decrease the amount of acid the stomach produces.
Conditions Treated with PPIs
PPIs are commonly prescribed for the following conditions:
- Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): This condition occurs when stomach acid frequently flows back into the esophagus, causing irritation and heartburn. PPIs help reduce acid production, allowing the esophagus to heal.
- Peptic Ulcers: These are sores that develop in the lining of the stomach, lower esophagus, or small intestine. PPIs can help heal ulcers and prevent them from recurring, especially those caused by Helicobacter pylori infection or NSAID use.
- Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome: This rare condition causes the stomach to produce excessive amounts of acid due to a tumor in the pancreas or duodenum. PPIs are often used to manage the symptoms by suppressing acid production.
- Other Acid-Related Conditions: PPIs may also be used to treat other conditions where reducing stomach acid is beneficial.
Examples of PPIs
Commonly prescribed PPIs include:
- Omeprazole (Prilosec)
- Lansoprazole (Prevacid)
- Pantoprazole (Protonix)
- Esomeprazole (Nexium)
- Rabeprazole (AcipHex)
- Dexlansoprazole (Dexilant)
Potential Side Effects
While generally safe, PPIs can have potential side effects, especially with long-term use. These may include:
- Increased risk of certain infections (e.g., Clostridium difficile)
- Vitamin B12 deficiency
- Osteoporosis-related fractures
- Kidney problems
It is essential to use PPIs under the guidance of a healthcare professional.
