You adjust a gradient mask in Photoshop by first creating a layer mask, and then applying and editing the gradient within that mask. This allows you to selectively reveal or hide portions of a layer based on the gradient's tonal range.
Here's a breakdown of the process:
1. Create a Layer Mask:
- Select the layer you want to apply the gradient mask to.
- In the Layers panel, click the "Add Layer Mask" button (it looks like a rectangle with a circle in the middle). This adds a white layer mask next to your layer.
2. Select the Gradient Tool:
- In the Tools panel, find and select the "Gradient Tool" (G). If you see the Paint Bucket tool instead, click and hold to reveal the Gradient tool.
3. Configure the Gradient Tool:
- Gradient Type: In the Options bar at the top of the screen, click the gradient preview to open the Gradient Editor. Choose a gradient. A common choice is a black-to-white gradient, which allows for smooth transitions between visible and hidden areas.
- Gradient Style: Choose a gradient style (Linear, Radial, Angle, Reflected, Diamond). The Linear gradient is often a good starting point.
- Mode: Ensure the Mode is set to "Normal".
- Opacity: Set the Opacity to 100% for full control.
- Reverse: The "Reverse" checkbox allows you to invert the gradient (e.g., black becomes white, and vice versa). Experiment to see what works best for your needs.
- Transparency: Ensure "Transparency" is enabled if you want the gradient to create transparency.
- Dither: Enabling "Dither" smooths the gradient and reduces banding.
4. Apply the Gradient to the Layer Mask:
- Make sure the layer mask thumbnail (the white rectangle) in the Layers panel is selected. This is crucial! If you select the layer thumbnail instead, you will paint on the layer itself, not the mask.
- Click and drag on your image to create the gradient. The starting point of the drag will be the area that's fully revealed, and the ending point will be the area that's fully hidden (if you're using a black-to-white gradient).
- Release the mouse button to apply the gradient.
5. Adjusting the Gradient Mask After Application:
The beauty of a layer mask is its non-destructive nature. You can refine the gradient mask as much as needed:
- Repositioning the Gradient: Select the Gradient Tool again and click and drag a new gradient on the mask. This will overwrite the existing gradient in the area you drag.
- Painting on the Mask: Select the Brush tool (B). Set your foreground color to black to hide parts of the layer or white to reveal parts of the layer. Painting with shades of gray will create partial transparency. Make sure the layer mask thumbnail is still selected in the Layers Panel!
- Using Levels or Curves: With the layer mask selected, go to Image > Adjustments > Levels (or Curves). Adjusting the levels or curves will change the contrast of the gradient mask, making the transition between visible and hidden areas sharper or smoother. This is a powerful way to fine-tune the gradient's effect.
- Using Filters: You can even apply filters to a layer mask. This opens up creative possibilities for creating complex and textured masks. Just be sure to have the mask thumbnail selected.
Example:
Suppose you have a photo and want to fade it into a white background.
- Add a layer mask to the photo layer.
- Select the Gradient Tool and a white-to-black gradient.
- Drag the gradient from the edge of the photo towards the center. This will gradually fade the photo towards transparency, revealing the white background beneath.
- Use the Brush tool with a soft black brush to refine the mask around specific areas.
By understanding these steps, you gain powerful control over how layers blend together in Photoshop, resulting in more refined and creative compositions.
