Cytology of pleural fluid is a lab test that examines fluid from the pleural space (the area around the lungs) to detect cancer cells or other abnormal cells.
Understanding Pleural Fluid Cytology
A cytology exam is the study of cells. When applied to pleural fluid, this examination helps doctors understand the cause of pleural effusion (fluid buildup in the pleural space). The test analyzes the fluid for:
- Cancer cells: Detecting cancerous cells can indicate lung cancer, mesothelioma, or other cancers that have spread to the pleura.
- Infectious organisms: Bacteria, fungi, or viruses may be identified, pointing to an infection like pleuritis.
- Inflammatory cells: Increased levels of specific inflammatory cells can suggest conditions like rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.
- Other abnormal cells: The presence of unusual cells can help diagnose various conditions affecting the pleural space.
Why is Pleural Fluid Cytology Performed?
The main goal of pleural fluid cytology is to determine the cause of a pleural effusion. This information is crucial for diagnosis and treatment planning. According to the reference, a cytology exam is specifically used to detect cancer cells and other abnormal cells. This will help distinguish between effusions caused by:
- Malignancy (cancer).
- Infection.
- Inflammation.
- Other conditions.
The Procedure
- Thoracentesis: Pleural fluid is usually obtained through a procedure called thoracentesis. This involves inserting a needle through the chest wall into the pleural space to withdraw the fluid.
- Sample preparation: The collected fluid is sent to a lab, where it is processed and prepared for microscopic examination.
- Microscopic analysis: A cytopathologist (a doctor specializing in cell diagnosis) examines the fluid under a microscope to identify any abnormal cells.
- Reporting: The pathologist then prepares a report detailing the findings, which helps guide the patient's treatment.
