The full form of IUT in pregnancy is Intrauterine Transfusion.
Intrauterine Transfusion (IUT) is a medical procedure used to treat fetal anemia, a condition where the fetus does not have enough red blood cells. This anemia can be caused by several factors, most commonly Rh incompatibility (also known as hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn or HDFN) or other red blood cell alloimmunization. Other causes include fetal bleeding, parvovirus B19 infection, and certain genetic conditions.
How Intrauterine Transfusion Works
The procedure involves transfusing red blood cells directly into the fetus's circulation. There are two main techniques:
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Intraperitoneal Transfusion: Red blood cells are transfused into the fetal abdomen. The fetus then absorbs the red blood cells into its circulation. This was the original method, introduced in 1963.
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Intravascular Transfusion: Red blood cells are transfused directly into a fetal blood vessel, typically the umbilical vein, under ultrasound guidance. This method is more direct and efficient and is the preferred approach today. It was developed around 1980.
Indications for IUT
IUT is typically considered when:
- The fetus is diagnosed with moderate to severe anemia.
- The mother has developed antibodies that are attacking the fetal red blood cells (alloimmunization).
- There is evidence of hydrops fetalis (fluid accumulation in fetal tissues and cavities) due to anemia.
Risks of IUT
While IUT is a life-saving procedure, it does carry some risks, including:
- Fetal death
- Preterm labor and delivery
- Infection
- Bleeding
- Membrane rupture
- Bradycardia (slow fetal heart rate)
Conclusion
Intrauterine Transfusion is a vital procedure in managing fetal anemia. The procedure's success depends on the cause and severity of the anemia, gestational age, and the experience of the medical team performing the procedure.
