The group model of public policy is a perspective that sees public policy originating from established government institutions wherein several groups within the government and outside it try influence the policy making process. Essentially, this model views policy as the outcome of a dynamic process involving numerous groups vying for influence within the formal structures of government.
Understanding the Group Model
At its core, the group model posits that the arena for policy creation is the government itself, specifically its established institutions. However, these institutions are not isolated decision-makers. Instead, they are subject to the pressures and advocacy of various organized interests.
Origin of Policy
According to this model, public policy doesn't just emerge in a vacuum. It is a product of:
- Established Government Institutions: Policy is formed and enacted within the formal branches and agencies of government (legislatures, executive bodies, bureaucracies, etc.).
- Influence Dynamics: These government institutions are constantly engaged with, and influenced by, various groups.
The Role of Groups
A central tenet of the group model is the crucial role played by groups in shaping policy. These groups actively seek to sway decisions made within government institutions.
Groups involved in this process can be broadly categorized as:
- Groups within the Government: This might include different departments, agencies, legislative committees, or even factions within political parties operating within the government structure.
- Groups outside the Government: These are typically referred to as interest groups, advocacy groups, lobbies, or social movements. They represent specific interests (e.g., business associations, labor unions, environmental organizations, consumer advocates, professional associations) and work to influence policy from the outside.
How Groups Influence Policy
The process highlighted in the group model involves these diverse groups actively trying to influence policy-making. Their methods can vary widely but all aim to shape the final policy outcome to align with their interests. Policy is seen as the result of the ongoing interactions, competition, and compromises among these groups within the governmental framework.
In summary, the group model emphasizes that policy is not just a rational decision by government, but a reflection of the struggle and negotiation among various organized interests operating within and around established government institutions. As the reference states, it is where "several groups within the government and outside it try influence the policy making process."
