Levinger's theory refers to the ABCDE model of relationship development, a significant framework for understanding how interpersonal relationships evolve over time. Proposed by psychologist George Levinger, this model outlines five distinct stages that a relationship typically progresses through.
The ABCDE Model Explained
The ABCDE model provides a structured approach to analyzing the dynamics of relationships. Each stage represents a different phase in the relationship's lifespan, from its initial formation to its potential dissolution. Here's a breakdown of each stage:
Acquaintance (A)
- Initial Meeting: This stage begins with the first encounter between two people.
- Superficial Interaction: Interaction is usually limited to basic introductions and surface-level conversations.
- Forming First Impressions: Individuals form initial opinions and assessments of each other.
- Example: Meeting someone at a party and exchanging names and basic information.
Buildup (B)
- Increased Interaction: Individuals begin interacting more frequently and sharing more personal information.
- Developing Trust: As interactions increase, so does the level of trust and comfort between the individuals.
- Mutual Disclosure: Reciprocal sharing of personal thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
- Example: Regularly meeting for coffee and discussing hobbies, interests, and past experiences.
Continuation (C)
- Established Relationship: The relationship becomes more stable and predictable.
- Interdependence: Individuals rely on each other for emotional support, companionship, and practical assistance.
- Commitment: A sense of commitment and long-term investment in the relationship develops.
- Example: A long-term romantic relationship where partners live together, share responsibilities, and plan for the future.
Deterioration (D)
- Decline in Satisfaction: The relationship begins to experience conflict, dissatisfaction, or a reduction in intimacy.
- Communication Problems: Communication may become less frequent, more negative, or more defensive.
- Decreased Intimacy: Emotional and/or physical intimacy declines.
- Example: Frequent arguments, feeling emotionally distant from your partner, or a decrease in shared activities.
Ending (E)
- Relationship Dissolution: The relationship comes to an end.
- Separation: Physical and/or emotional separation occurs.
- Grief and Adjustment: Individuals experience grief, loss, and the need to adjust to life without the other person.
- Example: Divorce, breaking up with a significant other, or the death of a close friend.
| Stage | Description |
|---|---|
| Acquaintance | Initial meeting and superficial interaction. |
| Buildup | Increased interaction, developing trust, and mutual disclosure. |
| Continuation | Established relationship, interdependence, and commitment. |
| Deterioration | Decline in satisfaction, communication problems, and decreased intimacy. |
| Ending | Relationship dissolution, separation, and grief. |
Levinger's ABCDE model offers a valuable framework for understanding the different stages relationships go through and provides insight into the factors that contribute to their growth, stability, or eventual dissolution.
