Research can be characterized along several dimensions, which help to categorize and understand different types of studies. The following dimensions provide a framework for classifying research approaches:
1. Basic vs. Applied Research
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Basic Research: Also known as fundamental or pure research, aims to expand knowledge and develop theories without immediate practical applications. It focuses on understanding fundamental principles.
- Example: Investigating the properties of a new material.
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Applied Research: Focuses on solving specific practical problems or developing new technologies. It applies existing knowledge to address immediate needs.
- Example: Developing a new manufacturing process for a product.
2. Goals of a Study
The goals of a research study determine its purpose and approach. Common goals include:
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Exploratory Research: To investigate a problem that is not clearly defined. Often used to establish priorities, develop operational definitions or improve research design.
- Example: Conducting surveys to gauge public opinion on a new policy.
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Descriptive Research: To describe the characteristics of a population or phenomenon.
- Example: A market research study that describes the demographics of a target consumer group.
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Explanatory Research: To explain the relationship between variables. Seeks to understand why something occurs.
- Example: A study that examines the impact of exercise on mental health.
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Predictive Research: To forecast future outcomes based on current data.
- Example: Using machine learning to predict customer churn.
3. Length of Time
The time horizon of a study also defines its dimensions.
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Cross-Sectional Research: Data is collected at a single point in time.
- Example: A survey administered to a group of people on a specific day.
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Longitudinal Research: Data is collected over an extended period of time, often tracking changes and trends.
- Example: A study that follows a group of children over several years to observe their development.
4. Data Collection Techniques
The methods used to collect data shape the nature of the research.
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Quantitative Research: Employs numerical data and statistical analysis to measure and quantify variables.
- Example: Conducting experiments with control groups and statistical analysis.
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Qualitative Research: Focuses on understanding the qualities and characteristics of experiences, using non-numerical data such as interviews and observations.
- Example: Conducting focus groups to explore consumer perceptions of a brand.
These four dimensions are not mutually exclusive, and a single research study may incorporate elements from multiple categories. Understanding these dimensions helps researchers design effective studies that align with their goals and objectives.
