Picking effective evidence involves selecting sources that are verifiable, accurate, objective, and authoritative, exceeding the standards you might use in everyday life. Here's a breakdown of how to approach evidence selection:
Understanding the Requirements
Before you start gathering evidence, clarify what you need it for. Consider these factors:
- The Purpose: What argument are you trying to make? What point are you trying to prove?
- The Audience: Who are you trying to convince? What will they find persuasive?
- The Context: Where will this evidence be presented? (e.g., academic paper, legal case, presentation). Context helps determine the acceptable types of evidence.
- Source Constraints: Are there source limitations? (e.g., peer-reviewed journals only, primary sources only).
Key Criteria for Selecting Evidence
The strongest evidence aligns with the following attributes:
- Verifiability: Can the information be independently confirmed through other sources? Look for sources with clear citations and methodologies.
- Accuracy: Is the information free from errors and distortions? Evaluate the source's fact-checking processes and reputation for accuracy.
- Objectivity: Is the information presented without bias or a hidden agenda? Consider the author's perspective and potential conflicts of interest.
- Authority: Is the source an expert on the topic? Check the author's credentials, experience, and affiliations. Does the source have a history of reliable publications?
Types of Evidence
Depending on your field and purpose, different types of evidence may be appropriate:
| Type of Evidence | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Empirical Data | Information obtained through observation, experimentation, or surveys. | Statistical results from a scientific study. |
| Expert Opinions | Statements or analyses from recognized authorities in the field. | A quote from a leading climate scientist on the effects of greenhouse gases. |
| Primary Sources | Original documents, artifacts, or recordings created during the time period being studied. | Letters, diaries, government documents, artwork. |
| Secondary Sources | Analyses or interpretations of primary sources. | A biography of Abraham Lincoln. |
| Anecdotal Evidence | Personal stories or observations. Can be compelling, but generally weaker than empirical data. | "I know someone who..." statements. |
Steps for Picking Evidence
- Research and Gather: Conduct thorough research using reputable databases, libraries, and online resources.
- Evaluate Sources: Assess each source based on the criteria of verifiability, accuracy, objectivity, and authority. Discard questionable sources.
- Extract Relevant Information: Identify specific facts, statistics, quotes, or examples that support your argument.
- Organize and Synthesize: Group your evidence logically and analyze how it supports your claims. Look for patterns, contradictions, and gaps.
- Cite Properly: Accurately cite all sources using the appropriate citation style (e.g., MLA, APA, Chicago).
Example Scenario
Let's say you are writing a paper about the effects of social media on teenagers.
- Strong Evidence: Peer-reviewed studies in psychology journals demonstrating a correlation between excessive social media use and increased anxiety in teenagers. Quotes from child psychologists specializing in adolescent mental health.
- Weak Evidence: A blog post by a non-expert making unsubstantiated claims about the dangers of social media. An anecdotal story about a teenager who became addicted to TikTok.
By carefully evaluating sources and selecting evidence that is verifiable, accurate, objective, and authoritative, you can build a strong and convincing argument.
