RNA, or ribonucleic acid, isn't manufactured in a single location but rather through various processes and in different settings depending on the type of RNA and its intended use.
Cellular RNA Production
Messenger RNA (mRNA), a crucial type of RNA involved in protein synthesis, is primarily manufactured within the nucleus of a cell. The process, known as transcription, uses DNA as a template to create the mRNA molecule. This mRNA then travels out of the nucleus to the ribosomes, where protein synthesis occurs. Genome.gov; Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Fact Sheet This is the natural cellular manufacturing process.
In Vitro RNA Synthesis
For research, therapeutic, and vaccine applications, RNA is often synthesized in vitro, meaning "in glass"—outside of living cells. This method uses enzymatic processes to create RNA molecules with specific sequences. This approach allows for the precise design and production of RNA for various purposes, such as mRNA vaccines. Sigma-Aldrich; Manufacturing Strategies for mRNA Vaccines and Therapeutics Companies like TriLink BioTechnologies produce RNA components under strict quality standards in certified facilities. TriLink BioTechnologies; NTPs for RNA manufacturing
RNA Manufacturing Facilities
The large-scale production of RNA for therapeutic or vaccine purposes requires specialized facilities. These facilities utilize advanced technologies and incorporate multiple steps in the manufacturing process, necessitating a multi-product facility approach. Arcadis; Planning for an RNA Manufacturing Facility These facilities can be located in various regions globally, and their locations depend on factors such as regulatory approvals, infrastructure, and skilled workforce availability.
In summary, RNA is manufactured both inside cells (in vivo) and outside of cells (in vitro). The location of this manufacture varies significantly depending on the purpose and scale of production.
