A scientific theory explains why or how something happens, while a scientific fact is a simple, basic observation.
To further clarify the distinction:
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Scientific Fact: A fact is a verifiable observation or measurement that is consistently found to be true. It represents objective reality. Facts can be proven directly or indirectly through empirical evidence.
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Scientific Theory: A theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that can incorporate facts, laws, inferences, and tested hypotheses. It is not simply a guess or hunch, but a comprehensive framework for understanding. Crucially, theories are not proven facts; they are explanations that are supported by a vast body of evidence and can be used to make predictions. Theories can be modified or even replaced if new evidence contradicts them.
Here's a table summarizing the key differences:
| Feature | Scientific Fact | Scientific Theory |
|---|---|---|
| Nature | Observation/Measurement | Explanation |
| Purpose | To describe what is | To explain why or how it is |
| Verification | Direct or indirect empirical evidence | Supported by a large body of evidence |
| Changeability | Relatively stable | Subject to modification with new evidence |
| Example | The Earth orbits the Sun. | The Theory of General Relativity explains gravity. |
In essence, facts are what we observe, while theories explain why we observe those facts. A robust theory will be supported by many facts.
