Sebum production is primarily controlled by sex hormones, specifically androgens. These hormones, including testosterone, 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and 5-androstene-3β,17β-diol, stimulate the sebaceous glands to produce sebum. The adrenal glands and ovaries (in females) or testes (in males) produce these androgens, with regulation ultimately stemming from the pituitary gland in the brain. This gland governs the entire endocrine (hormonal) system.
Several factors influence sebum production beyond androgens:
- Hormonal fluctuations: Hormonal birth control, containing estrogen, can reduce sebum production. Changes in hormone levels during puberty, menstruation, and pregnancy also significantly affect sebum output.
- Diet: Foods rich in zinc, such as oysters, nuts, legumes, and whole grains, may help control excess sebum production. Hydration also plays a role.
- Retinoids and growth factors: These substances influence sebaceous gland growth and sebum secretion.
- Neural mechanisms: Unlike some bodily functions, neural mechanisms do not directly control sebum production. The process is continuous and not directly influenced by nerve signals.
In summary: While androgens are the primary regulators, sebum production is a complex process influenced by a variety of hormonal, dietary, and other factors.
