A blackhead contains a plug of sebum (oil produced by the skin), dead skin cells, and sometimes bacteria that accumulates in the opening of a hair follicle.
Here's a more detailed breakdown:
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Sebum (Oil): Sebaceous glands within each hair follicle produce sebum, which is a natural oil that keeps the skin moisturized.
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Dead Skin Cells: Skin cells are constantly being shed and replaced. These dead cells can mix with sebum and contribute to the blockage.
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Bacteria (Sometimes): Bacteria, particularly Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes), can be present within the clogged follicle, although it is not always a primary component of the blackhead itself. Inflammation caused by bacteria is more related to pimples than blackheads.
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Melanin: The dark color of a blackhead isn't dirt. It's caused by the oxidation of melanin, a pigment naturally produced by your skin. When the plug of sebum and dead skin cells is exposed to air, the melanin oxidizes, turning it black.
In essence, a blackhead is a non-inflamed comedo (a blocked hair follicle) where the contents have been exposed to air and oxidized, resulting in its characteristic dark color. It's distinct from a whitehead, which is a similar plug but is covered by a layer of skin, preventing oxidation.
