What is Callus?
A callus is a thickened area of skin that develops as a protective response to repeated friction, pressure, or irritation. It's essentially the skin's way of shielding itself from damage. Calluses are most commonly found on the feet, hands, and fingers, but can appear anywhere on the body subjected to consistent rubbing or pressure.
- Formation: Calluses form when the skin's outer layer (epidermis) becomes significantly thickened in response to ongoing pressure or friction. This thickening is a natural defense mechanism.
- Appearance: A callus is a patch of compact, dead skin cells. They can vary in size, shape, and color, often appearing yellowish or grayish.
- Location: Common locations for calluses include the soles of the feet (especially the heels and balls of the feet), palms of the hands, and fingertips.
- Difference from Corns: While often grouped together, calluses differ from corns. Calluses are typically larger and flatter than corns, which are usually smaller and more concentrated, often forming on the tops or sides of toes. Both, however, are a result of the body's protective response to friction and pressure.
Causes of Calluses:
The primary cause of calluses is sustained pressure or friction on the skin. This can result from:
- Ill-fitting shoes: Shoes that are too tight, too loose, or have inadequate support can lead to callus formation.
- Repetitive activities: Activities involving frequent gripping or pressure on the hands and feet, such as using tools or participating in certain sports, can contribute to callus development.
- Underlying medical conditions: In some cases, underlying medical conditions can increase the likelihood of callus formation.
Treatment and Prevention:
- Prevention: The most effective approach is prevention through appropriate footwear, protective padding, and modifying activities that cause friction.
- Treatment: Mild calluses often require no treatment. For painful or unsightly calluses, over-the-counter treatments such as pumice stones, callus files, or chemical peels can help to soften and remove the thickened skin. More stubborn calluses may necessitate professional podiatric care.
Reference Information: Several sources confirm that calluses are thickened areas of skin caused by friction and pressure as a protective mechanism. These sources included the Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic, NHS, WebMD, Merriam-Webster, Wikipedia, and the American Podiatric Medical Association. They all consistently define calluses as a hardening of the skin in response to external forces.
