Dandruff, characterized by white or gray flakes on the scalp, can be caused by a variety of factors. The most common cause is a yeast-like fungus called Malassezia that feeds on the oils produced by the scalp. This fungus is present on most adults' scalps without causing any issues, but in some individuals, it can trigger an inflammatory response, leading to flaking and itching.
Other common causes of dandruff include:
- Dry skin: This is one of the most common causes of dandruff, particularly during winter or in dry climates.
- Sensitivity to hair care products: Contact dermatitis, an allergic reaction to ingredients in shampoos, conditioners, or other hair care products, can also lead to dandruff.
- Other skin conditions: Conditions like psoriasis and eczema can affect the scalp and cause flaking and itching, mimicking dandruff symptoms.
- Not shampooing enough: This can cause excess oil and dead skin to accumulate on the scalp, worsening dandruff.
While dandruff is generally harmless, it can be annoying and embarrassing. There are many over-the-counter treatments available, including medicated shampoos that contain ingredients like selenium sulfide, zinc pyrithione, or ketoconazole. If over-the-counter treatments aren't effective, a dermatologist can help identify the underlying cause and recommend a more targeted treatment plan.
