Bedsores, also known as pressure injuries, are primarily caused by a lack of blood flow to an area of skin.
Understanding Pressure Injuries
Pressure injuries develop when sustained pressure is applied to a specific part of the body, particularly areas where bones are close to the skin. This pressure restricts blood flow, causing tissue damage. According to the provided reference, these injuries are also called pressure sores or bedsores and often occur when you are restricted to a bed or chair and don't change positions regularly.
Key Factors Leading to Bedsores:
- Prolonged Pressure: Continuous pressure on the skin, especially over bony prominences, restricts blood supply. This lack of circulation leads to cell death and the formation of a sore.
- Limited Movement: People who are bedridden or chair-bound for extended periods are at higher risk because they are unable to shift their weight regularly, leading to consistent pressure on the same areas.
- Immobility: A lack of physical activity and inability to change position independently significantly increases the risk.
- Friction and Shear: While not solely responsible, the force of rubbing or sliding against a surface (friction and shear) can contribute to skin damage. This often occurs when someone is moved or repositioned incorrectly.
Examples of High-Risk Areas:
- Heels: The bony prominence of the heel makes it susceptible to pressure.
- Hips: The hip bone often bears a lot of weight when lying on the side.
- Tailbone (Sacrum): This area is particularly vulnerable when sitting or lying on the back.
- Elbows: When the arm is bent, elbows may experience prolonged pressure against a surface.
- Back of the head: Long periods of laying in a supine position can cause pressure sores here.
How to Prevent Bedsores:
- Frequent Repositioning: Changing positions at least every two hours is essential. This reduces the time a single area of the skin bears the pressure.
- Specialized Mattresses and Cushions: Using pressure-relieving mattresses and cushions can redistribute weight and reduce pressure points.
- Proper Nutrition and Hydration: A balanced diet and sufficient fluid intake support overall health and skin integrity.
- Skin Care: Keeping the skin clean and dry can help reduce skin breakdown.
- Regular Inspections: Check skin for early signs of pressure injuries, such as redness or discoloration.
In summary, bedsores result from prolonged pressure that impairs blood flow to an area, leading to tissue damage and open sores. The key is to reduce or eliminate the pressure through regular movement, repositioning, and the use of supportive devices.
