There are generally considered to be three common types of lotion based on their primary mechanism of action. These types are humectants, emollients, and occlusives.
Here's a breakdown of each type:
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Humectants: These draw moisture from the air and lower layers of the skin into the upper layers. Examples include glycerin, hyaluronic acid, and alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs).
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Emollients: Emollients work by filling in the gaps between skin cells, creating a smoother and softer surface. They help to repair the skin's barrier and reduce roughness. Examples include lipids, fatty acids, and ceramides. Emollients are the most common type of moisturizer.
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Occlusives: These form a protective barrier on the skin's surface to prevent water loss. They are often thicker and richer than humectants or emollients. Examples include petrolatum, beeswax, and mineral oil.
While many lotions contain a combination of these ingredients, they are often categorized by which mechanism is most prominent.
