The research process in social science research primarily follows the scientific method to investigate human behavior and societal phenomena. As noted, social science research is focused on finding reasons for human behavior. Social science research is conducted using the scientific method: ask a question, form a hypothesis, conduct empirical research, draw a conclusion, and evaluate the conclusion. This systematic approach ensures rigor and objectivity in understanding complex social issues.
The Steps of Social Science Research
Social science research employs a structured process to move from an initial idea to a validated finding. This process, rooted in the scientific method, involves several key stages:
Ask a Question
The research process begins with identifying a specific question about human behavior or social phenomena. This question should be clear, focused, and researchable. It guides the entire study, determining what information is needed and how it will be collected.
- Example: Does social media use impact levels of social isolation among young adults?
Form a Hypothesis
Following the question, a hypothesis is developed. A hypothesis is a testable statement or educated guess about the relationship between variables. It proposes a potential answer to the research question that can be supported or refuted through data collection.
- Example: Increased social media use among young adults leads to higher levels of perceived social isolation.
Conduct Empirical Research
This is the stage where data is systematically collected to test the hypothesis. Empirical research relies on direct observation or experience. Social scientists use various methods depending on the research question and hypothesis.
- Methods Include:
- Surveys: Collecting data through questionnaires.
- Interviews: Gathering in-depth information through structured or unstructured conversations.
- Observation: Directly watching and recording behavior in natural or controlled settings.
- Experiments: Manipulating variables to determine cause-and-effect relationships.
- Analyzing Existing Data: Using government records, historical documents, or other pre-collected information.
The choice of method impacts the type of data collected (quantitative or qualitative) and the subsequent analysis.
Draw a Conclusion
After collecting and analyzing the data, the researcher interprets the findings in relation to the hypothesis. This involves determining whether the evidence supports or rejects the initial hypothesis. Conclusions should be based strictly on the data gathered during the empirical research phase.
Evaluate the Conclusion
The final step involves critically evaluating the drawn conclusion. This includes considering the strengths and limitations of the research design, the validity and reliability of the data, and potential biases. Evaluation also involves comparing the findings to existing literature and suggesting implications for theory, policy, or future research.
- Key Evaluation Points:
- Were there any factors that might have influenced the results?
- Are the findings generalizable to a wider population?
- What are the potential implications of these findings?
- What future research is needed based on these results?
This iterative process allows researchers to refine their understanding of social phenomena and contribute to the body of knowledge in their field.
Here is a summary of the process steps:
| Step | Description | Action |
|---|---|---|
| Ask a Question | Identify a specific area of inquiry about human behavior. | Define the research problem. |
| Form a Hypothesis | Propose a testable answer or relationship between variables. | State a falsifiable prediction. |
| Conduct Empirical Research | Systematically collect data through observation/experience. | Choose methods (surveys, interviews, etc.) and gather data. |
| Draw a Conclusion | Interpret findings based on collected data. | Determine if the hypothesis is supported. |
| Evaluate the Conclusion | Critically assess the findings, limitations, and implications. | Reflect on the study's rigor and future directions. |
