Reading ISO standards effectively requires understanding their specific structure, terminology, and purpose.
ISO standards are formally designated by the term ISO followed by a number, such as ISO 9001 for quality management systems. In some cases, they share a numeric code with another industry association, as seen with ISO/IEC 12207, which involves both ISO and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). This naming convention helps you identify the standard's origin and often its general subject area based on the number series.
Understanding the Structure of an ISO Standard
While specific content varies, most ISO standards follow a predictable structure designed for clarity and legal interpretation. Familiarizing yourself with these sections is the first step to effective reading.
A typical ISO standard document includes:
- Foreword: Provides background information on the standard's development.
- Introduction: Explains the purpose and principles behind the standard.
- Scope: Defines what the standard covers and, importantly, what it does not cover. Reading this first is crucial.
- Normative References: Lists other standards or documents that are essential for applying this standard.
- Terms and Definitions: Defines key vocabulary used within the standard. Understanding these terms is vital.
- Main Clauses (Requirements/Recommendations): This is the core of the standard.
- Look for the word "shall" - this indicates a mandatory requirement that must be met for conformance.
- Look for the word "should" - this indicates a recommendation or guidance.
- Look for the word "may" - this indicates permission or an option.
- Annexes: These can be normative (mandatory requirements) or informative (providing guidance, examples, or additional information).
Practical Tips for Reading ISO Standards
Navigating a technical document like an ISO standard can be challenging initially. Here are some practical tips:
- Start with the Scope: Always read the "Scope" section first to ensure the standard is relevant to your needs or organization.
- Read Sequentially: While you can skip the Foreword and Introduction initially, read the main clauses in order, as they often build upon each other.
- Pay Attention to Definitions: If a term seems specific or unfamiliar, check the "Terms and Definitions" section.
- Focus on "Shall" Statements: Highlight or make note of the requirements denoted by "shall". These are the actions or conditions you must fulfill.
- Understand the Context: Standards are written to be general. Apply the requirements to your specific context, processes, or products.
- Don't Just Skim: Requirements are often detailed and precise. Read sentences and clauses carefully.
- Utilize Annexes: Informative annexes can provide valuable examples or explanations that clarify the main clauses.
- Get the Official Version: Always obtain the standard directly from ISO or an authorized national standards body (like ANSI in the US, BSI in the UK, DIN in Germany). Free or unofficial versions may be incomplete or outdated.
- Consider Training: If implementing a standard like ISO 9001 or ISO 27001, consider training courses or resources that explain the standard in detail and offer practical implementation advice.
By understanding the standard's structure and focusing on the key elements, you can effectively read, interpret, and apply ISO standards.
