Sunburn hurts because of the body's inflammatory response to damaged skin cells. When exposed to excessive ultraviolet (UV) radiation, skin cells suffer damage beyond repair, leading to cell death. This triggers a cascade of events:
The Inflammatory Response
- Increased Blood Flow: Blood vessels dilate (widen), increasing blood flow to the affected area. This brings immune cells to the site of damage to initiate the cleanup process. This increased blood flow contributes to the redness and swelling characteristic of sunburn. (Reference: MD Anderson Cancer Center, UQ Medicine)
- Inflammation: The body's inflammatory response aims to heal the damaged tissue. This process involves the release of inflammatory molecules, which cause pain, swelling, and heat. (Reference: MD Anderson Cancer Center)
- Nerve Stimulation: The inflammation also stimulates nerve endings in the skin, causing pain sensations. (Reference: UTMB Health)
- Damaged Micro-RNA: Sun-damaged cells release damaged micro-RNA, triggering neighboring cells to release inflammatory substances that further contribute to the pain and inflammation. (Reference: Live Science)
- CXCL5 Molecule: Research suggests the molecule CXCL5 may play a significant role in the pain associated with sunburns. (Reference: UTMB Health)
Symptoms of Sunburn
Sunburn presents with a range of symptoms, including:
- Redness: Increased blood flow causes the skin to appear red.
- Pain: Inflammation and nerve stimulation cause painful sensations.
- Swelling: Fluid buildup contributes to swelling in the affected area.
- Blisters: In severe cases, blisters may develop. (Reference: UQ Medicine)
- Heat: Increased blood flow results in a feeling of warmth or heat to the touch.
Protecting Yourself from Sunburn
Protecting your skin from excessive UV radiation is key to preventing sunburn. This can be accomplished through:
- Using sunscreen: Apply a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher.
- Seeking shade: Limit direct sun exposure, especially during peak sun hours (10 a.m. to 4 p.m.).
- Wearing protective clothing: Cover exposed skin with clothing, including hats and sunglasses.
