The Japanese mask famously characterized by its long nose is the Tengu mask.
The Tengu is a figure from Japanese folklore, often depicted as a type of mountain spirit or supernatural being. While early depictions of Tengu were bird-like, their image evolved over centuries.
The Distinctive Long Nose of the Tengu
One of the most recognizable features of the Tengu in later depictions is its exceptionally long nose. This long nose is a key characteristic that sets the Tengu apart from many other figures in Japanese mythology and iconography.
- Origin of the Long Nose: The development of the Tengu's long nose is thought to have occurred around the 14th century. It likely represents a humanization of the earlier, more prominent bird-like beak associated with the Tengu's original form.
- Mythological Connection: This distinctive feature also links the Tengu to another significant figure in Japanese mythology: Sarutahiko Ōkami. According to the 720 CE text, the Nihon Shoki, Sarutahiko Ōkami is described as having a nose of considerable length, specifically measuring seven hand-spans. This ancient description of Sarutahiko provided a precedent for the long nose feature that later became synonymous with the Tengu.
Types of Tengu and Their Masks
Tengu are generally categorized into two main types:
- Daitengu (大天狗): These are the Great Tengu, often depicted in human form but with wings and the characteristic long nose. Daitengu masks are the most common type featuring the prominent long nose. They are typically red-faced and wear religious garments like the tokin (a small black hat) and carry a fan (uchiwa or subari).
- Karasu Tengu (烏天狗): These are Crow Tengu, who retain more of the original bird-like features, including a beak rather than a human nose. Their masks have a beak-like mouth instead of a long nose.
Therefore, when referring to the Japanese mask with the long nose, one is specifically thinking of the Daitengu mask.
Significance of Tengu Masks
Tengu masks are widely used in various aspects of Japanese culture:
- Festivals (Matsuri): They are often worn or displayed during local festivals.
- Traditional Theatre: Tengu characters appear in Noh and Kyogen plays, and their masks are crucial props.
- Decorative Items: Masks are sold as souvenirs and used as decorations in homes and temples.
- Symbolism: Tengu are often associated with mountains, martial arts, and sometimes seen as protectors or tricksters. The long nose is sometimes interpreted as a symbol of pride or arrogance, although Tengu can also be depicted as wise ascetics.
In summary, the Japanese mask with the long nose is the Tengu mask, specifically representing the Daitengu, a design element whose origin is linked to the humanization of the Tengu's original beak and an ancient description of the deity Sarutahiko Ōkami.
