Thyroid ablation refers to procedures that aim to destroy or remove thyroid tissue, most often used to treat hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) or thyroid nodules. The most common type involves radioactive iodine, but other methods exist.
Types of Thyroid Ablation
While the term "thyroid ablation" can refer to several different methods, here's a breakdown of the most common approaches:
-
Radioactive Iodine (RAI) Therapy: This is the most frequently used method. You swallow a capsule or liquid containing radioactive iodine (iodine-131). The thyroid gland absorbs the iodine, and the radiation destroys thyroid cells over time. This is primarily used for hyperthyroidism, particularly Graves' disease, and sometimes after thyroid cancer surgery.
-
Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA): This minimally invasive procedure uses radio waves to generate heat, which is then used to destroy thyroid nodules. RFA is typically performed by a team, often including endocrinologists. It's an alternative to surgery or RAI for benign thyroid nodules causing symptoms or cosmetic concerns.
-
Surgical Thyroidectomy: While not always referred to as "ablation," a thyroidectomy (partial or complete removal of the thyroid gland) effectively ablates the thyroid tissue. It is used for various thyroid conditions, including hyperthyroidism, thyroid nodules, and thyroid cancer.
-
Ethanol Ablation: This involves injecting ethanol directly into a thyroid nodule. The ethanol causes the nodule to shrink. It is primarily used for cystic (fluid-filled) thyroid nodules.
Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) in Detail
Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a minimally invasive treatment option gaining popularity for thyroid nodules.
-
How it works: RFA uses a small probe inserted into the thyroid nodule. Radiofrequency energy is then delivered, creating heat that destroys the nodule tissue. The body gradually absorbs the dead tissue, leading to a reduction in nodule size.
-
Advantages: Compared to surgery, RFA offers several advantages:
- Less invasive, resulting in a smaller or no scar.
- Lower risk of complications.
- Shorter recovery time.
- Can be performed on an outpatient basis.
-
Candidates: RFA is generally suitable for:
- Benign thyroid nodules that are causing symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, or cosmetic concerns.
- Patients who are not good candidates for surgery.
- Patients who prefer a less invasive option than surgery or RAI.
Summary
Thyroid ablation encompasses various techniques used to reduce or eliminate thyroid tissue, most commonly radioactive iodine therapy, but also including radiofrequency ablation (RFA), surgical removal, and ethanol ablation. RFA is a less invasive option for treating benign thyroid nodules, offering several benefits over traditional surgery.
