Glanders is an infectious and often fatal disease primarily affecting horses, donkeys, and mules, caused by the bacterium Burkholderia mallei. It is also transmissible to humans.
Glanders Explained
Glanders is a serious zoonotic disease, meaning it can spread from animals to humans. It's characterized by the formation of nodules and ulcers in the respiratory tract, lungs, and skin. While primarily a disease of equines, other animals like camels, wild felines, bears, wolves, and dogs can also be susceptible.
Key Characteristics
- Causative Agent: Burkholderia mallei, a Gram-negative bacterium.
- Primary Hosts: Horses, donkeys, and mules.
- Transmission:
- Direct contact with infected animals.
- Ingestion of contaminated feed or water.
- Inhalation of aerosolized bacteria.
- Symptoms in Animals:
- Nodules and ulcers in the nasal passages and skin.
- Discharge from the nose and eyes.
- Enlarged lymph nodes.
- Pneumonia.
- Symptoms in Humans:
- Localized infection with ulcers and lymph node swelling.
- Pneumonia.
- Septicemia (blood poisoning).
- Prevention: Strict hygiene practices, quarantine of infected animals, and control of animal movement are crucial.
- Treatment: Antibiotics may be used, but treatment is often difficult and may not be successful. Historically, infected animals were often euthanized to prevent further spread.
Public Health Significance
Glanders is a significant public health concern, particularly in regions where it is endemic. Human infections are rare but can be severe and even fatal, especially if left untreated. The disease is considered a potential bioterrorism agent due to its ease of aerosolization and potential for causing severe illness.
Historical Context
Glanders has been known for centuries and has caused significant economic losses due to its impact on working animals. It was once widespread, but eradication efforts have been successful in many countries. However, it still occurs in some parts of the world, particularly in Asia, the Middle East, and South America.
In conclusion, glanders is a dangerous infectious disease caused by the Burkholderia mallei bacterium, posing a threat to both animals and humans. Prevention and control measures are critical to preventing its spread.
