Chronic viral hepatitis is defined as inflammation of the liver caused by a viral infection that persists for at least six months. This persistent infection leads to ongoing liver damage and the development of fibrosis.
Understanding Chronic Viral Hepatitis
Chronic viral hepatitis isn't a single disease, but rather a group of conditions caused by different viruses. The most common causes include:
- Hepatitis B virus (HBV): A significant cause of chronic hepatitis globally.
- Hepatitis C virus (HCV): Also a leading cause of chronic hepatitis, often leading to cirrhosis and liver cancer.
- Hepatitis D virus (HDV): Only occurs in people already infected with HBV and can worsen liver damage.
The Process of Chronic Viral Hepatitis
The chronic inflammatory process triggered by these viruses leads to a cascade of events within the liver:
- Viral Replication: The virus continuously replicates within liver cells (hepatocytes).
- Immune Response: The body's immune system attempts to clear the virus, leading to inflammation and damage to liver cells.
- Liver Damage: Prolonged inflammation causes cell death and scarring (fibrosis).
- Fibrosis Progression: Over time, fibrosis can progress to cirrhosis, a severe scarring of the liver that impairs its function.
Consequences of Chronic Viral Hepatitis
If left untreated, chronic viral hepatitis can lead to serious complications, including:
- Cirrhosis: Extensive scarring of the liver.
- Liver Failure: The liver loses its ability to function properly.
- Liver Cancer (Hepatocellular Carcinoma): An increased risk of developing liver cancer.
- Death: In severe cases, liver failure or liver cancer can be fatal.
Treatment
Treatment for chronic viral hepatitis varies depending on the specific virus involved but may include antiviral medications to suppress viral replication and reduce liver damage. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent the progression of liver disease.
