Viruses are primarily made of a segment of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat.
Here's a more detailed breakdown:
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Nucleic Acid Core: This core contains the virus's genetic material. It can be either:
- DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid): Similar to the genetic material found in humans and other organisms.
- RNA (Ribonucleic acid): Another type of genetic material. Some viruses, like the flu virus and HIV, use RNA.
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Capsid (Protein Coat): The capsid is a protective shell that surrounds the nucleic acid core. It's made up of protein subunits called capsomeres. The capsid's shape and structure can vary depending on the type of virus.
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Envelope (in some viruses): Some viruses, like influenza and HIV, have an outer envelope made of lipids. This envelope is derived from the host cell membrane during the virus's release. It often contains viral glycoproteins that help the virus attach to and enter new host cells.
In summary, a virus is essentially genetic material packaged inside a protein shell, sometimes with an additional lipid envelope. This simple structure allows viruses to infect cells and replicate, causing disease.
