Symphysis Pubis Dysfunction (SPD), also known as pelvic girdle pain, in females refers to pain and discomfort in the pubic symphysis joint, located at the front of the pelvis. It's commonly associated with pregnancy but can occur in non-pregnant women as well.
Understanding Symphysis Pubis Dysfunction (SPD)
SPD involves the joint at the front of the pelvis becoming overly flexible or misaligned, leading to pain. This joint, called the pubic symphysis, normally allows for slight movement. However, hormonal changes during pregnancy, particularly the increase in relaxin, can cause the ligaments supporting the joint to loosen, leading to instability and pain.
Symptoms of SPD
Symptoms of SPD can vary in severity but often include:
- Pain: Pain in the front of the pelvis, specifically at the pubic bone.
- Radiating Pain: Pain that can radiate to the groin, lower back, hips, or thighs.
- Clicking or Grinding: A clicking or grinding sensation in the pelvic area.
- Difficulty with Movement: Pain that worsens with activities such as walking, climbing stairs, turning in bed, or separating the legs.
- Waddling Gait: Altered walking pattern to minimize pain.
- Night Pain: Pain that disrupts sleep.
Causes of SPD
While often linked to pregnancy, other factors can contribute to SPD in non-pregnant women:
- Pregnancy: Hormonal changes (relaxin) and increased weight can strain the pubic symphysis.
- Injury: Trauma to the pelvis can damage the joint.
- Arthritis: Inflammatory conditions can affect the joint.
- Previous Pelvic Surgery: Surgical procedures can sometimes contribute to instability.
- Leg Length Discrepancy: Uneven leg length can put stress on the pelvis.
- Hypermobility: Some individuals have naturally more flexible joints.
Diagnosis and Treatment
A healthcare professional can diagnose SPD based on a physical exam and a review of symptoms. Imaging tests like X-rays are generally avoided during pregnancy but may be used in other cases to rule out other conditions.
Treatment options for SPD focus on pain relief and improving stability. These can include:
- Physical Therapy: Exercises to strengthen pelvic floor muscles and improve posture.
- Pelvic Support Belts: To provide support and stability to the pelvis.
- Pain Medication: Over-the-counter pain relievers or prescription medication as needed.
- Rest: Avoiding activities that aggravate the pain.
- Proper Body Mechanics: Maintaining good posture and using proper lifting techniques.
- Acupuncture: Some women find relief with acupuncture.
Prognosis
In most cases of pregnancy-related SPD, symptoms resolve within a few months after delivery. However, some women may experience chronic pain and require ongoing management. For non-pregnant women, the prognosis depends on the underlying cause and the effectiveness of treatment.
