How do you apply wood stain evenly?

To apply wood stain evenly, apply it in the direction of the wood grain.

Here's a more detailed breakdown:

Preparation is Key

Sand the Wood: Start with appropriately-grit sandpaper (typically 120-grit followed by 220-grit) to create a smooth, even surface. This is critical for uniform stain absorption. Uneven surfaces will absorb stain differently, leading to blotchiness. Remove all sanding dust with a tack cloth or vacuum.
Pre-Stain Conditioner (Optional): For softwoods like pine, consider using a pre-stain wood conditioner. This helps to minimize blotching by creating a more consistent surface for the stain to penetrate. Follow the conditioner's instructions carefully.
Choose the Right Applicator: The type of stain dictates the best applicator. Oil-based stains work well with natural bristle brushes or clean rags. Water-based stains are best applied with foam brushes or synthetic bristle brushes to avoid brush stroke issues.
Stir, Don't Shake, the Stain: Stir the stain thoroughly to ensure the pigments are evenly distributed. Shaking can introduce air bubbles that affect the finish.

Apply with the Grain: Apply the stain evenly in the direction of the wood grain. This is the most important step in achieving a uniform appearance.
Work in Sections: Don't try to stain the entire piece at once. Work in manageable sections to maintain a wet edge and prevent overlap marks.
Avoid Overlapping: Minimize overlapping strokes, as this can lead to darker areas.
For Deep Grain Woods: If working with woods like oak with pronounced grain, use a circular motion to work the stain into the grain initially, then smooth it out along the grain.
Control the Amount of Stain: Apply a liberal amount of stain, but avoid puddling.

Wipe Off Excess Stain: After allowing the stain to penetrate for the recommended time (check the stain's instructions, usually a few minutes), use a clean, lint-free rag to wipe off the excess stain along the grain.
Consistent Wiping: Wipe consistently with even pressure to remove excess stain evenly. This step is crucial for achieving a uniform color.
Dry Thoroughly: Allow the stain to dry completely according to the manufacturer's instructions before applying a topcoat. Drying times can vary depending on the type of stain and environmental conditions.

Blotching: If you notice blotching, it could be due to uneven sanding, variations in wood density, or improper application. Consider using a pre-stain conditioner or sanding the piece down and starting over.
Dark Spots: Dark spots are often caused by overlapping strokes or areas where the stain was allowed to puddle. Wipe these areas more aggressively with a clean rag and mineral spirits (for oil-based stains) or water (for water-based stains).
Light Spots: Light spots may indicate areas where the stain didn't penetrate properly. Apply a small amount of stain to these areas and wipe off the excess, being careful not to over-apply.